The research analyses the knowledge, the presence and the depiction of exotic animals in Florence from the late 14th century to 1492, year of Lorenzo de' Medici's death and of the discovery of the Americas. This well-documented interdisciplinary research sheds new light on a topic mainly neglected.

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Sixty-year excavation (1953 to 2013) of Župna Cerkev Cemetery in Kranj unearthed almost 3000 graves. The monograph introduces 1048 graves found between 1972 and 2010. The excavations were initially led by Andrej Valič, the curator of the Gorenjski muzej (1972 and 73, 862 graves). Milan Sagadin from ZVKD Kranj continued the dig from 1984 to 2001 (163 graves), followed by Draško Josipovič (Megalan Skupina, d. o. o., 2003 to 2010), who excavated 23 more graves. An extensive chapter presents the artefacts of Župna Cerkev Cemetery with no data about their location.The varied documentation, which has changed over the years, is the basis for the publication of all available data on the graves and artefacts kept by the Gorenjski muzej in Kranj. The introduction, a study on the nature of the data, comments on possible inconsistencies between the various types of documentation. Primarily it deals with the question of reliability of individual grave good assemblages, which is the basis for all further analysis.The discussed group of graves originates mainly from the northern exterior of the church and from the interior of the present-day church, that is, from the place where graves intertwined with the remains of older church and non-church buildings. Their building development and changing usability will be impossible to explain without good knowledge of the cemetery.

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The research project Beatrijs Internationaal brought together about a hundred literary translators and researchers in the field of historical and modern Dutch literature, translation studies and related disciplines, from twenty different language areas. The participants immersed themselves in questions about the international circulation and reception of the famous Middle Dutch legend of Our Lady, from its origins to our own time. Almost a hundred adaptations and translations of the Beatrijs-story were found, and new discoveries are still being made. The case of Beatrijs brought about new theoretical discussions, cooperation and exchange in the field of Dutch Studies, as is demonstrated by this volume. By means of diverse approaches the authors show how a literary text from the relatively small geographical area of the Dutch language can circulate both inside and outside its linguistic borders in different periods. With their wide spectrum of research questions, methodological approaches and selections of material, the contributions are a reflection of the richness of international Dutch Studies in the 21st century. Inspired by translation, adaptation and reception studies, this volume helps us to answer the question which characteristics of a particular text make it a likely candidate for crossing linguistic, geophysical, historical, and other borders. This volume is a contribution to the historiography of the export and dissemination of Dutch literature.

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The recent exhibitions dedicated to Botticelli around the world show, more than ever, the significant and continued debate about the artist. Botticelli Past and Present engages with this debate. The book comprises four thematic parts, spanning four centuries of Botticelli’s artistic fame and reception from the fifteenth century. Each part comprises a number of essays and includes a short introduction which positions them within the wider scholarly literature on Botticelli. The parts are organised chronologically beginning with discussion of the artist and his working practice in his own time, moving onto the progressive rediscovery of his work from the late eighteenth to the turn of the twentieth century, through to his enduring impact on contemporary art and design. Expertly written by researchers and eminent art historians and richly illustrated throughout, the broad range of essays in this book make a valuable contribution to Botticelli studies.

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The recent exhibitions dedicated to Botticelli around the world show, more than ever, the significant and continued debate about the artist. Botticelli Past and Present engages with this debate. The book comprises four thematic parts, spanning four centuries of Botticelli’s artistic fame and reception from the fifteenth century. Each part comprises a number of essays and includes a short introduction which positions them within the wider scholarly literature on Botticelli. The parts are organised chronologically beginning with discussion of the artist and his working practice in his own time, moving onto the progressive rediscovery of his work from the late eighteenth to the turn of the twentieth century, through to his enduring impact on contemporary art and design. Expertly written by researchers and eminent art historians and richly illustrated throughout, the broad range of essays in this book make a valuable contribution to Botticelli studies.

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This book presents an innovative approach to the Old Icelandic sagas depicting the social transformation of medieval Iceland in the twelfth to fourteenth centuries, analysing them through the lens of cultural memory studies. It thus avoids the limitations of strictly historical or literary analysis and focuses on the development of knowledge about the recent past into stories from which a society facing change could derive a sense of continuity.

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The Spade in de Dijk is the first synthesis on the organisation of water management in Coastal Flanders during the later Middle Ages. Based on the unique archival evidence produced by local water boards (wateringen), large landowners and local and regional authorities, Tim Soens argues for the occurrence of profound changes in coastal water management in the later Middle Ages. Water management gradually became less inclusive, investments lowered, and flood risk increased. This evolution was triggered by the social transition from a peasant society of land-owning smallholders to a society of absentee landlords and large tenant farmers.

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The study investigates the relationship between Norse and Saami peoples in the medieval period and focuses on the multifaceted portrayal of Saami peoples in medieval texts. Through a systematic analysis of the sources, influenced by postcolonial methodologies rooted in interpretations of archaeological material, it demonstrates the many possibilities for reading and including Saami peoples in our narration of medieval Fennoscandian history.

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This work brings together all the documentation of Benedict XIII, held in the Registros Avignonenses and Registros Vaticanos of the Vatican Apostolic Archives, relating to the Crown of Castile. It includes 8144 documents arranged chronologically from the beginning of the pontificate until the withdrawal of obedience by the Kingdom of Castile logically extinguished the issuing of documents for this purpose. The content of the documentation covers all the broad aspects of the Pontifical Chancery: provision of dioceses and abbeys, granting of benefices, spiritual graces and indulgences; appointment of collectors, legates and judges in the most diverse lawsuits. All the politics of the Castilian kingdom and its international implications are reflected in this documentation. And, in particular, in relation to the serious situation of division that the Church of the time was going through. The Documentary Collection is preceded by a Preliminary Study in which some aspects of the Pontificate of Benedict XIII are analysed, some other aspects of special interest contained in the documentary collection are highlighted, and some lines of research are pointed out, together with a bibliographical contribution that allows us to expand on each of the issues analysed. Particularly useful for local history aspects of each of the dioceses and also for prosopographical studies.

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Early Anglo-Saxon cemeteries are well-known because of their rich grave goods, but this wealth can obscure their importance as local phenomena and the product of pluralistic multi-generational communities. This book explores over one hundred early Anglo-Saxon and some Merovingian cemeteries and aims to understand them using a multi-dimensional methodology. The performance of mortuary drama was a physical communication and so needed syntax and semantics. This local knowledge was used to negotiate the arrangement of cemetery spaces and to construct the stories that were told within them. For some families the emphasis of a mortuary ritual was on reinforcing and reproducing family narratives, but this was only one technique used to arrange cemetery space. This book offers an alternative way to explore the horizontal organisation of cemeteries from a holistic perspective. Each chapter builds on the last, using visual aesthetics, leitmotifs, spatial statistics, grave orientation, density of burial, mortuary ritual, grave goods, grave robbing, barrows, integral structures, skeletal trauma, stature, gender and age to build a detailed picture of complex mortuary spaces. This approach places community at the forefront of interpretation because people used and reused cemetery spaces and these people chose to emphasise different characteristics of the deceased because of their own attitudes, lifeways and lived experiences. This book will appeal to scholars of Anglo-Saxon studies and will also be of value to archaeologists interested in mortuary spaces, communities and social differentiation because it proposes a way to move beyond grave goods in the discussion of complex social identities.

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The conquest of Sichuan and Vietnam by the Chinese Empire led to very different outcomes. This volume examines the negotiations between central authority and local autonomy, the physical manifestations of socially constructed identities, and the transformation of sacred spaces which reflect broader social, political, and religious currents. It also offers a method to study spatial-social interactions in historical settings that provides insights into dynamics of power imposition and identity negotiation in local contexts. Experiential Architecture Analysis (EAA) serves to explore the interplay of local traditions, transcultural ideology transfer, and sacred water sites in the peripheries of Chinese culture. It analyzes the spatial ensembles of sacred sites regarding their roles for legitimation, dominance, and social resistance, while highlighting the agency of consumers to redefine spatial media. All scholars of Chinese and Southeast Asian History, of Religious Studies or Cultural Anthropology find in this volume valuable insights for their research, especially where it concerns areas lacking reliable written sources.

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Over the last two decades, the study of graffiti has emerged as a bustling field, invigorated by increased appreciation for their historical, linguistic, sociological, and anthropological value and propelled by ambitious documentation projects. The growing understanding of graffiti as a perennial, universal phenomenon is spurring holistic consideration of this mode of graphic expression across time and space. Graffiti Scratched, Scrawled, Sprayed: Towards a Cross-Cultural Understanding complements recent efforts to showcase the diversity in creation, reception, and curation of graffiti around the globe, throughout history and up to the present day. reflecting on methodology, concepts, and terminology as well as spatial, social, and historical contexts of graffiti, the book’s fourteen chapters cover ancient Egypt, Rome, Northern Arabia, Persia, India, and the Maya; medieval Eastern Mediterranean, Turfan, and Dunhuang; and contemporary Tanzania, Brazil, China, and Germany. As a whole, the collection provides a comprehensive toolkit for newcomers to the field of graffiti studies and appeals to specialists interested in viewing these materials in a cross-cultural perspective. ; Over the last two decades, the study of graffiti has emerged as a bustling field, invigorated by increased appreciation for their historical, linguistic, sociological, and anthropological value and propelled by ambitious documentation projects. The growing understanding of graffiti as a perennial, universal phenomenon is spurring holistic consideration of this mode of graphic expression across time and space. Graffiti Scratched, Scrawled, Sprayed: Towards a Cross-Cultural Understanding complements recent efforts to showcase the diversity in creation, reception, and curation of graffiti around the globe, throughout history and up to the present day. reflecting on methodology, concepts, and terminology as well as spatial, social, and historical contexts of graffiti, the book’s fourteen chapters cover ancient Egypt, Rome, Northern Arabia, Persia, India, and the Maya; medieval Eastern Mediterranean, Turfan, and Dunhuang; and contemporary Tanzania, Brazil, China, and Germany. As a whole, the collection provides a comprehensive toolkit for newcomers to the field of graffiti studies and appeals to specialists interested in viewing these materials in a cross-cultural perspective.

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Within the framework of the basic research project The Župna cerkev Cemetery n Kranj, intended for the publication and research of materials from archaeological excavations of the eponymous burial ground, digital primary forms of archival sources are presented.[In Slovenian only] The first issue presents documentation of the 1953 excavation. The second one brings the files of graves, excavated in 1953, kept in The National Museum of Slovenia. The documentation of the 1964 to 1966 excavation is presented in the third book. In the fourth book is on field documentation of 1969 to 1973 excavation. Milan Sagadin, the excavator of the 1984 campaign, presents the field diary in the fifth issue. The anthropological diaries of the 1964 to 1973 excavations by Tone Pogačnik and Tatjana Tomazzo Ravnik are presented in the sixth book.

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Within the framework of the basic research project The Župna cerkev Cemetery in Kranj, intended for the publication and research of materials from archaeological excavations of the eponymous burial ground, digital primary forms of archival sources are presented. [In Slovenian only] The first issue presents documentation of the 1953 excavation. The second one brings the files of graves, excavated in 1953, kept in The National Museum of Slovenia. The documentation of the 1964 to 1966 excavation is presented in the third book. In the fourth book is on field documentation of 1969 to 1973 excavation. Milan Sagadin, the excavator of the 1984 campaign, presents the field diary in the fifth issue. The anthropological diaries of the 1964 to 1973 excavations by Tone Pogačnik and Tatjana Tomazzo Ravnik are presented in the sixth book.

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Within the framework of the basic research project The Župna cerkev Cemetery n Kranj, intended for the publication and research of materials from archaeological excavations of the eponymous burial ground, digital primary forms of archival sources are presented.[In Slovenian only] The first issue presents documentation of the 1953 excavation. The second one brings the files of graves, excavated in 1953, kept in The National Museum of Slovenia. The documentation of the 1964 to 1966 excavation is presented in the third book. In the fourth book is on field documentation of 1969 to 1973 excavation. Milan Sagadin, the excavator of the 1984 campaign, presents the field diary in the fifth issue. The anthropological diaries of the 1964 to 1973 excavations by Tone Pogačnik and Tatjana Tomazzo Ravnik are presented in the sixth book. "

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Within the framework of the basic research project The Župna cerkev Cemetery n Kranj, intended for the publication and research of materials from archaeological excavations of the eponymous burial ground, digital primary forms of archival sources are presented.[In Slovenian only] The first issue presents documentation of the 1953 excavation. The second one brings the files of graves, excavated in 1953, kept in The National Museum of Slovenia. The documentation of the 1964 to 1966 excavation is presented in the third book. In the fourth book is on field documentation of 1969 to 1973 excavation. Milan Sagadin, the excavator of the 1984 campaign, presents the field diary in the fifth issue. The anthropological diaries of the 1964 to 1973 excavations by Tone Pogačnik and Tatjana Tomazzo Ravnik are presented in the sixth book.

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Within the framework of the basic research project The Župna cerkev Cemetery in Kranj, intended for the publication and research of materials from archaeological excavations of the eponymous burial ground, digital primary forms of archival sources are presented. The first issue presents documentation of the 1953 excavation. The second one brings the files of graves, excavated in 1953, kept in The National Museum of Slovenia. The documentation of the 1964 to 1966 excavation is presented in the third book. In the fourth book is on field documentation of 1969 to 1973 excavation. Milan Sagadin, the excavator of the 1984 campaign, presents the field diary in the fifth issue. The anthropological diaries of the 1964 to 1973 excavations by Tone Pogačnik and Tatjana Tomazzo Ravnik are presented in the sixth book.

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Within the framework of the basic research project The Župna cerkev Cemetery in Kranj, intended for the publication and research of materials from archaeological excavations of the eponymous burial ground, digital primary forms of archival sources are presented. So far, we have published field journals, field drawings and anthropological diaries in six volumes, and the new e-publication shows sketching blocks with field drawings of planums and more than 1,500 graves excavated between 1969 and 1973.

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[In Slovenian only]The first issue presents documentation of the 1953 excavation.The second one brings the files of graves, excavated in 1953, kept in The National Museum of Slovenia.The documentation of the 1964 to 1966 excavation is presented in the third book.In the fourth book is on field documentation of 1969 to 1973 excavation.Milan Sagadin, the excavator of the 1984 campaign, presents the field diary in the fifth issue.The anthropological diaries of the 1964 to 1973 excavations by Tone Pogačnik and Tatjana Tomazzo Ravnik are presented in the sixth book.

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Originating in the seventh century as one of the ‘Old Minsters’ of Kent, Lyminge has one of the longest continuous Christian histories in Britain. Drawing upon the results of two campaigns of re-investigation in the early 1990s and 2019, this paper elucidates this trajectory through a rigorous reassessment of archaeological remains in Lyminge churchyard, originally explored by the antiquary Canon Jenkins in the 1850s. This work generates fresh insights on the structural archaeology of the churchyard and Jenkins’ influence on the interpretation and public presentation of Lyminge’s early Christian heritage. New details of the seventh-century apsidal church are presented, allowing its place within ‘Kentish Group’ churches to be appraised with greater confidence, and aspects of the operational sequence of such buildings to be reconstructed for the first time. A fresh examination of structural foundations to the west of the apsidal church, and the current parish church of SS Mary and Ethelburga, charts the monumental development of the site into the Late Saxon period and beyond, offering insights into the commemorative processes bound up with the long-term evolution of the cult focus. Findings beyond the churchyard, from previous research excavations by the University of Reading, are also woven into the current study to contextualise developments within the monumental core, providing an exceptionally rare integrated ‘big picture’ perspective in the study of early medieval monastic archaeology. The results of scientific dating, and the analysis of bioarchaeological data, are applied to reconstruct the lived experience of the monastic community during the Viking Age, and to chart the complex settlement transformations during Lyminge’s afterlife as a secular minster church and seat of archiepiscopal authority. Complementing other recent work on the long-term development of monastic landscapes, this paper vividly demonstrates how the enduring mythology of the golden age of Anglo-Saxon saints influences the interpretation of sacred Christian heritage and how archaeological approaches can inform narratives of these potently meaningful places.

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Throughout the history of the Crusades, liturgical prayer, masses, and alms were all marshaled in the fight against Muslim armies. In Invisible Weapons , M. Cecilia Gaposchkin focuses on the ways in which Latin Christians communicated their ideas and aspirations for crusade to God through liturgy, how public worship was deployed, and how prayers and masses absorbed the ideals and priorities of crusading. Placing religious texts and practices within the larger narrative of crusading, Gaposchkin offers a new understanding of a crucial facet in the culture of holy war. Open Access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities

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Throughout the history of the Crusades, liturgical prayer, masses, and alms were all marshaled in the fight against Muslim armies. In Invisible Weapons, M. Cecilia Gaposchkin focuses on the ways in which Latin Christians communicated their ideas and aspirations for crusade to God through liturgy, how public worship was deployed, and how prayers and masses absorbed the ideals and priorities of crusading. Placing religious texts and practices within the larger narrative of crusading, Gaposchkin offers a new understanding of a crucial facet in the culture of holy war.

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The archaeological excavations of the Župna cerkev cemetery in Kranj began in 1953 and were completed in 2013. The explored cemetery consists of 2,936 graves and the Museum of Gorenjska (Gorenjski muzej) in Kranj has inventoried 3,263 items from this cemetery.The purpose of the monograph is the publication of the graves excavated between 1964 and 1970 by Andrej Valič, curator at the Museum of Gorenjska. Data are drawn from all available sources (field documentation, artefacts, photographs, inventory books, analysis of skeletons, etc.).The plan of the graves, which took shape while studying the material, for the first time combines all the previously excavated graves of the Župna cerkev cemetery in Kranj. Because of the size of the cemetery and the high density of burials in some parts, the quadrants are shown by individual pages instead of the usual one-piece insert.The first part of the book is a study on the nature of the data presented, while the catalogue in addition to the usual data contains also comments on all potential oddities and inconsistencies.

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St Olav’s Church in Tønsberg in Viken (the area surrounding the Oslo Fjord in south-eastern Norway) burned along with most of the medieval town in 1536, the same year the Reformation was introduced to Norway. The church was never rebuilt, and its ruins were forgotten for centuries. When they were finally uncovered in the late nineteenth century, scholars realized that this was by far the largest round church built in medieval Scandinavia. Later excavations have revealed that this church was erected in the late twelfth century and became a part of a Premonstratensian foundation. However, the scarcity of written records has left many questions open for debate – such as the identity of the founder and the intentions behind its construction. The contributors to this anthology look at the material and textual evidence afresh, from different starting points and perspectives. Most importantly, St Olav’s Church is seen in connection with both the introduction of the Hospitallers to Varna just across the Oslo Fjord, and with the other round churches or rotundas in Scandinavia. Several chapters discuss the foundation of the church in light of the political and religious context in Viken, as well as Norwegian participation in the crusading movement in the twelfth century, and in this way, the building of St Olav’s Church can be seen as a monumental example of the attempts to imitate the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and associate the region with a holy topography. With the publication of Jerusalem in Viken: Crusading Ideology, Church-Building and Monasticism in South-Eastern Norway in the Twelfth Century, these important sites are presented to an international audience for the first time. The book will be useful to scholars – and the general reader – interested in round churches, the crusading movement, religious culture, the Premonstratensian order, and relations between Scandinavia and Europe in the Middle Ages.

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Religious sometimes broke their vows and returned illegally to the society of the late Middle Ages. The study deals with the most radical violation of the monastic way of life, the escape from the monastery and the apostasy of the religious community. The focus is almost a thousand petitions from the Roman-German Empire. The study of apostasy provides insights into motives, dissemination, prevention and sanctions and explains divergences between norms and practice.

"Manchmal brachen Ordensleute die Gelübde und kehrten unerlaubt in das Diesseits der spätmittelalterlichen Gesellschaft zurück. Die Studie behandelt den radikalsten Verstoßg egen die monastische Lebensweise, die Flucht aus dem Kloster und den Abfall von der Ordensgemeinschaft. Im Zentrum stehen knapp tausend Bittschriften aus dem römisch-deutschen Reich, überliefert inden Supplikenregistern der apostolischen Pönitentiarie sowie Kanzleiund Kammer, ergänzt mit lokalen Quellen. Die Untersuchung der Apostasieals Devianz von rechtlichen und gesellschaftlichen Normen bietetErkenntnisse über Motive, Verbreitung, Prävention und Sanktionen underklärt Divergenzen zwischen Norm und Praxis."

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Joan de Torralba, mercader de origen aragonés afincado en Barcelona desde inicios del siglo XV, estuvo al frente (hasta su muerte en 1458) de varias compañías con importantes nego­cios entre la Corona de Aragón y el Mediterráneo. Gracias al comercio de exportación de lana aragonesa a ciudades italianas como Venecia, Florencia y Génova, llegó a ser uno de los em­presarios más relevantes del momento y pudo llevar a cabo un sinfín de operaciones bancarias y financieras. Todo ello quedó reflejado en numerosos libros de cuentas, algunos conservados excepcionalmente hasta hoy. Los documentos aquí presentados tienen un interés es­pecial porque corresponden a la actividad privada de Joan de Torralba. El primero de ellos, el «Llibre de comtans», registra los albaranes de los pagos en dinero contante que realizaba el mercader en la ciudad para sus gastos cotidianos. El segundo, un pequeño cuaderno de deudas entre Torralba y uno de sus yernos, Pere de Sitges, ofrece una visión del día a día y de las pautas de consumo de esta importante familia burguesa de la Barcelona bajomedieval.

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La compañía Torralba, integrada por socios aragoneses (algunos, ciudadanos barceloneses), se constituye en la década de 1420 con el objetivo de comercializar en Barcelona e Italia dos productos básicos de la economía aragonesa: el trigo y la lana. Se da la circunstancia excepcional de que se han conservado once libros de contabilidad de esta empresa, correspondientes a la gestión de uno de los socios, Joan de Torralba. La memoria del mercader ofrece un estudio sobre la actividad de la sociedad entre los años 1434 y 1437, junto con la transcripción del «Manual honzè», el libro que registra las operaciones realizadas en este período. Los datos conservados nos informan sobre la capacidad económica de la compañía y sus intereses, productos y espacios de actuación mercantil, posibilitando con ello la reconstrucción de sus redes de co­mercio y distribución.

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The manuscript 9/1784 of the Library of the Real Academia de la Historia (Royal Academy of History), known as Registro de Cortes or Libro de Cortes (Registry of Parliament/Book of Parliament), contains a collection of simple copies made by the court scribes and lawyers of the Castilian Cortes (Parliament) at the beginning of the 16th century, in which numerous documents for internal use from the time of John II of Castile, Henry IV of Castile and the Catholic Monarchs were collected. Its time span covers the period between 1425 and 1502. The Registry’s texts allow us to understand the operation of the parliamentary institution in numerous matters that are not included in the ordenamientos (ordinances) and the cuadernos de peticiones (notebooks of petitions) published by the Academy itself in the mid-19th century. Although the scientific community was familiar with some of the parts already published, a complete edition of the manuscript was missing, along with an explanation of the meaning of its use in the courtly context, the question of authorship and the characteristics of the copied texts, not to mention the identification of the main actors who played a leading role in that representative assembly. In short, the Registry illustrates the course of the Castilian Cortes in the political framework of its time.

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What does the term author mean in the Romance literatures of the Middle Ages? What is its role in structuring the collection of texts attributed to it? Do the medieval written testimonies reflect the idea the author had of his work or do they obey other cultural criteria established by the compilers? This book brings together the contributions to the international colloquium with the same title organised by the Universities of Fribourg and Geneva and takes us to the heart of the fundamental dialectic between the literary author whose figure emerges in the course of the Middle Ages and the dynamics of the dissemination of his work.

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The in depth archaeological research of High Medieval castle presented in this book is unique in Slovenia and among just few in this part of Central Europe. The book is based on analysis of the archaeological data gathered in more than a decade of archaeological excavations in 1980s and 1990s.In the introductory chapter written sources and interpretative models are presented. The analysis of pictorial representations follows. The focus of the research is on the archaeological sources, though. Above all the analysis of the small finds, stratigraphy and spatial analysis of the castle itself and the castle in the landscape should be mentioned.

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Written around 1300, the Passional is the first great collection of legends in the German language and considered among the most significant and influential literary works of Middle High German spiritual epic poetry. Books I and II are now being published in an edition that includes extensive documentation of the entire literary tradition, the relationship to its sources, and the author's unique vocabulary.

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This innovative volume of twelve essays by international scholars examines the political uses and misuses of medieval images, objects, and sites in modern times (16th to 20th centuries). In case studies that range from Russia to the US and include catacombs, mosques, cathedrals, feudal castles, museums, and textbooks, it demonstrates how medieval works of art and architecture have been called into action to legitimize modern political agendas.

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This book aims to offer a new interpretation of the settlement movement initiated by the city of Megara in archaic times. It shows the role of conflict between the aristocratic families for the departure of the Megarians and reveals the role of the heritage of the metropolis in the creation of institutions of colonial cities.

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This volume is the first detailed, book-length study of Middle English medical recipes in their literary, imaginative, social, and codicological contexts. Analysing recipe collections in over seventy late medieval manuscripts, this book explores how the words and structures of recipes could contribute to those texts’ healing purpose, but could also confuse, impede, exceed, and redefine that purpose. The study therefore presents a challenge to recipes’ traditional reputation as mundane, unartful texts written and read solely for the sake of directing practical action. Crucially, it also relocates these neglected texts and overlooked manuscripts within the complex networks forming medieval textual culture, demonstrating that—though marginalized in modern scholarship—medical recipes were actually linguistically, formally, materially, and imaginatively interconnected with many other late medieval discourses, including devotional writings, romances, fabliaux, and Chaucerian poetry. The monograph thus models for readers modes of analysis and close reading that might be deployed in relation to recipes in order to understand better their allusive, fragmentary, and playful qualities as well as their wide-ranging influence on medieval imaginations.

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This interdisciplinary volume deals with new methodological approaches to studying early medieval mobility. The chapters address innovative methods from the fields of history, archaeology, and the natural sciences, discussing the potential and limits of each methodological approach and shining the spotlight on historical and archaeological as well as scientific methods.

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The authors of the present volume, Myth, Materiality, and Lived Religion, focus on the material dimension of Old Norse mythology and the role played by myths in everyday life. More broadly expressed, the collection looks at the social, ceremonial and material contexts of myths. This topic has been underexplored in previous research on Old Norse myths, despite its important theoretical implications. However, discussions around materiality, in a more general sense, have for a long time been significant for historians of religion, especially archaeologists. Myth, Materiality, and Lived Religion seeks to make the case for the relevance of materiality to literary historians and philologists as well.

Questions relating to the theme of materiality and lived religion are posed in this book, including:
• What do myths tell us about the material culture of the periods in which they were narrated?
• What role did myths or mythical beings play in connection to, for instance, illnesses and remedies during the Viking Period and the Middle Ages?
• How did ordinary people experience participation in a more formal sacrificial feast led by ritual specialists?

The editors of this book are all associated with the Department of Ethnology, History of Religions and Genders Studies at Stockholm University, Sweden.

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The authors of the present volume, Myth, Materiality, and Lived Religion, focus on the material dimension of Old Norse mythology and the role played by myths in everyday life. More broadly expressed, the collection looks at the social, ceremonial and material contexts of myths. This topic has been underexplored in previous research on Old Norse myths, despite its important theoretical implications. However, discussions around materiality, in a more general sense, have for a long time been significant for historians of religion, especially archaeologists. Myth, Materiality, and Lived Religion seeks to make the case for the relevance of materiality to literary historians and philologists as well.

Questions relating to the theme of materiality and lived religion are posed in this book, including:
• What do myths tell us about the material culture of the periods in which they were narrated?
• What role did myths or mythical beings play in connection to, for instance, illnesses and remedies during the Viking Period and the Middle Ages?
• How did ordinary people experience participation in a more formal sacrificial feast led by ritual specialists?

The editors of this book are all associated with the Department of Ethnology, History of Religions and Genders Studies at Stockholm University, Sweden.

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If the term “prehistory” is used for the time and space not “seen” by written records, then there are “prehistoric” areas also in the time, which is generally considered “history”. In this sense, there are still vast areas of Europe in the early medieval period, where the state of written records can be described as “prehistoric”. It appears to be true especially for the regions settled by the Slavs. Among them is the area of the present-day Slovenia, where Bled lies. The latter does not “enter the history” before 1004.

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Across Europe, the early medieval period saw the advent of new ways of cereal farming which fed the growth of towns, markets and populations, but also fuelled wealth disparities and the rise of lordship. These developments have sometimes been referred to as marking an ‘agricultural revolution’, yet the nature and timing of these critical changes remain subject to intense debate, despite more than a century of research. The papers in this volume demonstrate how the combined application of cutting-edge scientific analyses, along with new theoretical models and challenges to conventional understandings, can reveal trajectories of agricultural development which, while complementary overall, do not indicate a single period of change involving the extension of arable, the introduction of the mouldboard plough, and regular crop rotation. Rather, these phenomena become evident at different times and in different places across England throughout the period, and rarely in an unambiguously ‘progressive’ fashion. Presenting innovative bioarchaeological research from the ground-breaking Feeding Anglo-Saxon England project, along with fresh insights into ploughing technology, brewing, the nature of agricultural revolutions, and farming practices in Roman Britain and Carolingian Europe, this volume is a critical new contribution to environmental archaeology and medieval studies in England and beyond.

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The contributions in this volume examine the aesthetics of plural authorship from the disciplinary and interdisciplinary perspectives of literary studies, art history, and musicology. The volume aims to analyze plural authorship in the pre-modern era as a coordinate of a different aesthetics and to contextualize it within the history of culture.

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This monograph presents the results of archaeological investigations of the Late Antique fortified hilltop settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid. This settlement is one of the best preserved Late Antique settlements in Slovenia and the southeastern Alpine area.In the first chapters, the geographical position and the research history are presented. Following are the overview of archaeological sites in the Soča River valley and the road network in Late Antiquity.

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All finds from the field investigations at Tonovcov grad near Kobarid are published in the second volume. An exceptional number of finds represents the base for studies of the material culture in Late Antiquity (metallic finds, glass finds, pottery finds), as well as for the others archaeological (anthropological and zoological) remains.

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Research on occasions and forms of private representation in art from the close of Antiquity to the end of the Middle Ages has so far been carried out rarely and not very systematically. This volume presents the proceedings of an international conference held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 2013. His contributions were devoted to private portraits between Late Antiquity and Byzantium on very different groups of monuments and on aspects in a broad diachronic and methodological perspective.

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This book analyses the social relations between the Malvezzi lineage and the College of Spain in Bologna. The apparently strange symbiosis between a family of the urban oligarchy and a secular university college can be explained in the context of the creation of factions favourable to the Houses of Austria and Valois, which polarised Italian political life. Thus, the college, which participated in the administrative structures of the monarchy, became part of a Hispanophile circuit created in Bologna and led by the Malvezzi family. The aim of these affinity networks was the social promotion of their male leaders through political and military service to the Spanish monarchs. From the precedents in the kingdom of Naples, we move on to the articulation of a philo-Habsburg party in Bologna that extended its influence beyond the city, and which counted on the College of Spain and several of its collegiates throughout the 16th century. In this way, the foundations of the Malvezzi's local power are integrated into the Italian philo-Spanish networks, combining the urban, regional and international scales. A study that relies on Network Analysis in order to properly interpret the involvement of the college and the personal interests of each of the Italian leaders involved. Finally, it addresses questions related to symbolic capital, attempting to unravel the fundamental points of the hispanophilic narrative elaborated by the Malvezzi family and the collaboration of the College of Spain in this ideological enterprise. This contribution not only broadens our knowledge of the phenomenon of philo-Spanish factions in Renaissance Italy, but also allows us to interpret the role played by a university college in a city where, unlike Rome, Naples or Milan, there were no centres of reference for the Spanish Monarchy.

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What gave rise to the Norse legal system? When? And where were the meeting places under this system located? These are questions that have long remained unanswered in Norwegian and Northern European history. An overriding theme of the book is establishing when this legal system arose and how it developed over time at the local and regional levels. Central topics include the localization of assembly sites in the landscape and how these sites became important to the consolidation of power structures and, later on, the royal system of governance. The ‘things’ are discussed in relation to successive political and economic structures as well as the influence of conditions within settlements and society. The book also looks at the assembly sites in their various contexts regarding localization and importance in the region, and in connection with the system’s development in Northern Europe. The Landscape of the Law provides extensive insight into the places where law and justice and related legal matters were decided in Viken. This is an aspect of Norway’s territorial division that has not been addressed in prior research. The book is relevant for researchers and history and archeology students working in such areas as legal and religious history, administrative jurisdictions, and state-formation processes, as well as local historians and other readers interested in cultural history.

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Critically evaluates the concept of sacred heritage, drawing on multi-disciplinary, global perspectives to clarify the multiple values of sacred heritage to spiritual and humanist audiences. Forges innovative connections between medieval archaeology and heritage studies, revealing new perspectives on medieval monasticism, identity, and healing. This title is also available as Open Access.

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Modern science started studying the Smlednik Castle over a century and a half ago. However, what might be even more important is the fact that more or less intense conservation works have been carried out at this location for over half a century. Regardless of this there is almost no expert literature on the castle to be found: short papers can be counted on the fingers of one hand, while monograph publications are sought in vain. The situation regarding contributions that promotes cultural heritage is somewhat better. The purpose of the book in front of you is thus clear: to present the history of the research and conservation efforts as well as the findings gained from the latest research in one book.This is the English translation of the original publication in Slovenian Grad Smlednik. Raziskave 2011-2012 published in 2013 as the second issue of the series Monografije CPA. The translation differs from the original in two ways. First, it omits the appendices. Secondly, a chapter on 3D scanning of the Smlednik Castle in 2007 including interactive 3D model is added.

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The book Medieval Archaeology of Bled Island is presenting the results of a state-of-the-art archaeological analysis of data from archaeological excavations of the 1962 and 1964.

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"The Bugis Chronicle of Bone is a masterwork in the historiographical tradition of South Sulawesi in Indonesia. Written in the late seventeenth century for a very specific political purpose, it describes the steady growth of the kingdom of Bone from the fourteenth century onwards. The local conquests of the fifteenth century, closely linked to agricultural expansion, give way to the long conflict with the Makasar state of Gowa in the sixteenth century. Forced Islamisation in 1611 is dealt with in detail, leading finally to first contact with the Dutch East India Company in 1667. This edition presents a diplomatic version of the best Bugis text, together with the first full English translation and an extensive introduction covering the philological approach to the edition, as well as the historical and cultural significance of the work. A structure based on the reigns of successive rulers allows for stories about the circumstances of each ruler and, particularly, the often dramatic processes and politics of succession. The chronicle is a rich source for historians and anthropologists seeking to understand societies beyond Europe. It provides a window on to this Austronesian-speaking society before the impact of significant external influences. This is history from within, covering more than three centuries. "

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"The Bugis Chronicle of Bone is a masterwork in the historiographical tradition of South Sulawesi in Indonesia. Written in the late seventeenth century for a very specific political purpose, it describes the steady growth of the kingdom of Bone from the fourteenth century onwards. The local conquests of the fifteenth century, closely linked to agricultural expansion, give way to the long conflict with the Makasar state of Gowa in the sixteenth century. Forced Islamisation in 1611 is dealt with in detail, leading finally to first contact with the Dutch East India Company in 1667. This edition presents a diplomatic version of the best Bugis text, together with the first full English translation and an extensive introduction covering the philological approach to the edition, as well as the historical and cultural significance of the work. A structure based on the reigns of successive rulers allows for stories about the circumstances of each ruler and, particularly, the often dramatic processes and politics of succession. The chronicle is a rich source for historians and anthropologists seeking to understand societies beyond Europe. It provides a window on to this Austronesian-speaking society before the impact of significant external influences. This is history from within, covering more than three centuries. "

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Is the inside-view into the life of people invisible to the written records possible, then? One cannot simple transfer oneself into the past and observe. However, one can immerse in the same landscape and seek for the residuals of the past in language, place names, folklore, ordering of the landscape and various material remains, or even in younger written records in the form of the so called wirkungsgeschichte (record of younger consequence of an earlier phenomenon). The least one achieves is the role of the passive observer. It is the aim of this book to go even further and to demonstrate that the “inside” perspective is not unattainable~it can be achieved by using a combination of various sources: written sources, archaeology, ethnology, philology and historic geography. The image of early medieval society in the Bled micro-region thus forming reveals the community with tightly economic and political ties. Weather or not it was referred to as Župa Bled is not confirmed by the written sources but it is at least likely.

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This book delivers the first substantial study of the preaching of the Third Crusade (1187-92). It assembles c.200 sermon texts and c.100 manuscripts, to understand the explosive dynamic of mobilization in the Latin West. Dealing with the essential fact that a genre called ‘crusade sermon’ did not exist, it develops methodological devices for identifying sermons relevant for the crusading purpose. The book contests thus the modern historiography, which has placed too much trust in the few chronicle reports. However, its fruitful blending of crusading, preaching, exegesis, manuscript studies, and intellectual history has much to offer beyond crusade studies.

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"This volume is dedicated to eliciting the interactions between localities across late antique and early medieval Europe and the wider Mediterranean. Significant research has been done in recent years to explore how late “Roman” and post-“Roman” cities, towns and other localities communicated vis-à-vis larger structural phenomena, such as provinces, empires, kingdoms, institutions and so on. This research has contributed considerably to our understanding of the place of the city in its context, but tends to portray the city as a necessarily subordinate conduit within larger structures, rather than an entity in itself, or as a hermeneutical object of enquiry. Consequently, not enough research has been committed to examining how local people and communities thought about, engaged with, and struggled against nearby or distant urban neighbors. Urban Interactions addresses this lacuna in urban history by presenting articles that apply a diverse spectrum of approaches, from archaeological investigation to critical analyses of historiographical and historical biases and developmental consideration of antagonisms between ecclesiastical centers. Through these avenues of investigation, this volume elucidates the relationship between the urban centers and their immediate hinterlands and neighboring cities with which they might vie or collaborate. This entanglement and competition, whether subterraneous or explicit across overarching political, religious or other macro categories, is evaluated through a broad geographical range of late “Roman” provinces and post-“Roman” states to maintain an expansive perspective of developmental trends within and about the city."

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Viking Age Swords from Telemark, Norway. An Integrated Technical and Archaeological Investigation provides a metallographic analysis of 21 Viking Age swords found in the county Telemark in southeastern Norway. The book is the result of a collaboration between archaeologist Irmelin Martens and chemist Eva Elisabeth Astrup. 220 swords have been found in Telemark, and they are a mix of domestic Norwegian and imported European types. The difficulties in determining which ones were made in Norway are complicated by and closely connected to the specific skills Norwegian blacksmiths had mastered with respect to both blade construction and inlay decoration. The metallographic investigations revealed five construction types for sword blades, of which four, requiring different technical levels of smithing, may well have been mastered by Norwegian blacksmiths at that time. Combined with x-ray radiographic studies, the metallographic investigations indicate that new techniques were indeed introduced and disseminated among weaponsmiths during the Viking Age. The findings are also probably representative for the combined total of more than 3000 swords found in all areas of the country. The majority are domestic types, and their great number obviously reflects the organization of sword production and influenced blacksmiths’ social standing.

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